Linux – Command Cheat Sheet
A quick Linux cheat sheet, for those handly little commands you use all the time but sometimes your brain freezes up and a quick reference would be good to have:
File Commands
ls
list directory
-
ls -al
formatted listing with hidden files
-
ls -ltr
formatted listing ordered by time
-
cd dir
change to directory
-
cd -
go to directory in previously
-
cd
go to home directory
-
pwd
show current directory path
-
mkdir dir
make directory dir
-
rm file
delete file
-
rm -r dir
delete directory dir
-
rm -f file
force remove file
-
rm -rf dir
force remove directory dir
-
cp file1 file2
copy file1 to file2
-
cp -r dir1 dir2
copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn’t exist
-
mv file1 file2
rename/move file1 to file2 if file2 is an existing dir, moves file1
-
into dir file2
ln -s file link
create symbolic link link to file
-
touch file
create or update file
-
cat > file
places standard input into file
-
more file
output the contents of file
-
head file
output the first 10 lines of file
-
tail file
output the last 10 lines of file
-
tail -f file
output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines
-
Process Management
ps
display your currently active processes
-
top
display all running processes
-
kill pid
kill process id pid
-
killall proc
kill all processes named proc
-
bg
lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
-
fg
brings the most recent job to foreground
-
fg n
brings job n to the foreground
-
File Permissions
chmod octal file -
change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding:
● 4 – read (r)
● 2 – write
● 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 -
read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 -
rwx for owner, rx for group and world For more options, see man chmod.
chown user:group file -
change the owner and group for a file
SSH
ssh user@host -
connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host -
connect to host on port port as user
ssh-copy-id user@host -
add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login
Searching
grep pattern files -
search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir -
search recursively for pattern in dir
command | grep pattern
search for pattern in the output of command
-
locate file
find all instances of file
-
find . file
find file within current directory
-
find / file
find file within whole system
-
System Info
date
show the current date and time
-
cal
show this month’s calendar
-
uptime
show current uptime
-
w
display who is online
-
whoami
who you are logged in as
-
finger user
display information about user
-
uname -a
show kernel information
-
cat /proc/cpuinfo
cpu information
-
cat /proc/meminfo
memory information
-
man command
show the manual for command
-
df
show disk usage
-
du
show directory space usage
-
du -sk | sort -n
show sum of each directory space usage sorted by number in KB
-
free
show memory and swap usage
-
whereis app
show possible locations of app
-
which app
show which app will be run by default
-
Compression
tar cf file.tar files –
create a tar named file.tar containing files
tar xf file.tar
extract the files from file.tar
–
tar czf file.tar.gz files –
create a tar with Gzip compression
tar xzf file.tar.gz –
extract a tar using Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 –
create a tar with Bzip2 compression
tar xjf file.tar.bz2
extract a tar using Bzip2
–
gzip file –
compresses file and renames it to file.gz
gzip -d file.gz –
decompresses file.gz back to file
Network
ping host –
ping host and output results
whois domain –
get whois information for domain
dig domain –
get DNS information for domain
dig -x host
reverse lookup host
–
wget file
download file
–
wget -c file
continue a stopped download
–
Installation
Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb –
install a package (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm –
install a package (RPM)
Shortcuts
Ctrl+C –
halts the current command
Ctrl+Z
stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground
–
or bg in the background
Ctrl+D
log out of current session, similar to exit
–
Ctrl+W
erases one word in the current line
–
Ctrl+U
erases the whole line
–
Ctrl+R
type to bring up a recent command
–
!!
repeats the last command
-
exit
log out of current session
–
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